BEYOND THE RIVER NISTRU
DEPORTATION, STARVATION AND GENOCIDE
Under the fascist dictatorship of Ion Antonescu, in 1941, Romania joined the German-led invasion of the Soviet Union. Antonescu was striving to build an ethnically homogeneous country without minorities. The “solution” was the so called “unilateral transfer”. More than 25.000 Roma, most of them children and poor people, were deported to the territory of Transnistria, in that time under Romanian occupation. At least 11.000 died in Transnistria of hunger, cold and diseases. Those who survived had lost everything – all their possessions and properties. The mental and emotional trauma, the feeling of shame and fear, as well as the economic consequences are strongly present even today. Despite all, could Roma unite as a strong nation with its own history, values and role models?
IN THE SHADOW OF SILENCE
CONTINUOUS DESTRUCTION OF HOMES AND PROPERTY
The Roma survivors of deportations to Transnistria had lost family members, their possessions and properties, but they did not receive any restitution or compensation. Roma were not recognized as victims. In the year 2000 a new law was passed recognizing the Roma among victims of World War II persecutions. Still, survivors face ignorance and the bureaucracy is very complicated, so very few could claim compensations. While the old lost properties are not restituted, the new generation of Roma is facing forced evictions. As a result of corruption or racism, they are being kicked out of their homes where they were living for generations. 160 years after the abolition of slavery in Romania, Roma are still on the margins. Can Roma claim the “title” of the only European minority, and in the same time keep the traditions, but change and “update” to the standards of the society?
Subtitles and Language settings: click [CC] to choose available subtitles.
This is a version with English graphics. Click here for version in Romani.
In this video, in order of appearance:
Maria Duda, survivor; Viorel Achim, PhD Historian, Senior Researcher at the Nicolae Iorga Institute of History, Romanian Academy; Catalin Manea, Executive President of the Roma Party Pro-Europe; Duda Hristache, survivor; Mihai Ristache, survivor; Petre Matei, PhD Historian, The Research Group for the History of Minorities at the Nicolae Iorga Institute of History; Mihai Neacsu, Director of the National Centre for Roma Culture Romano Kher;
Subtitles and Language settings: click [CC] to choose available subtitles.
This is a version with English graphics. Click here for version in Romani.
In this video, in order of appearance:
Damian Draghici, Musician, Composer, Activist, State Councillor on Roma Issues, Member of the European Parliament from Romania; Viorel Achim, PhD Historian, Senior Researcher at the Nicolae Iorga Institute of History, Romanian Academy; Petre Matei, PhD Historian, The Research Group for the History of Minorities at the Nicolae Iorga Institute of History; Duda Hristache, survivor; Maria Duda, survivor; Mihai Neacsu, Director of the National Centre for Roma Culture Romano Kher; Marian Mandache, Executive Director NGO Romani CRISS, Lawyer and Roma activist; Adrian Berbec, President of the Youth Organization of the Roma Party Pro-Europe; Catalin Manea, Executive President of the Roma Party Pro-Europe;
Audio version:
Music: White Atlantis by Sergey Cheremisinov, Night II by Swelling, and some excerpts from the music of Barcelona Gipsy BalKan Orchestra
Highlighted Keywords
Think and Reflect
Some of the most significant statements by the interviewees, the “keywords”, are selected for further discussion and examination. The quotes are presented together with the respective screenshots from the video. Each quote is related to one of the 12 themes (this is marked above each screenshot). Review and discuss the selected quotes. You might also:
Analyze what can we learn from the selected quote.
If it is a testimony/personal experience: when and where did it happen? Who were the protagonists? Describe what happened.
Do you have any similar personal experiences, or other knowledge that helps you understand the described event/experience better?
Why, in your opinion, is the selected quote related to that particular theme. Could it also be related to some of the other proposed themes? Explain.
Watch the video again and find other significant quotes or other moments that made impression on you. Explain why did you choose it, and how did you understand it.
Relate the quote you have chosen with one of the 13 themes. Explain.
Theme:
Surviving
Theme:
Shared History and Roma Identity
Theme:
Persecution
Theme:
Persecution
BEYOND THE RIVER NISTRU
We were in the water to cross the river Nistru. We were in the water up to here. Now, my mother said to us: “Carry me on your back, because I cannot go on any more”.
Maria Duda, survivor;
BEYOND THE RIVER NISTRU
The Roma, in order to become a nation and a people need history. Roma need to know their own history. The Roma nation needs values and role models..
Catalin Manea, Executive President of the Roma Party Pro-Europe;
BEYOND THE RIVER NISTRU
Those who were strong, they kept going on, the weak ones could not. They were dying. People were eating dogs, and horses, whatever, because there was nothing to eat. When my mother died, my father dug a hole behind the ditch and buried her. And they put my brother next to her, too. There were no cemeteries.
Duda Hristache, survivor;
BEYOND THE RIVER NISTRU
An order from Antonescu and from king Mihai arrived. My mother told us: “Let’s go, if Antonescu and the king said that we are going to get houses there, let’s go there”. We put together five to six carriages, with all our valuables. The carriages were full, pulled by strong horses and donkeys and we were heading towards those promised good places.
Mihai Ristache, survivor;
Theme:
Persecution
Theme:
Persecution
Theme:
Lasting Imprints
Theme:
Recognition
BEYOND THE RIVER NISTRU
Viorel Achim, PhD Historian, Senior Researcher at the Nicolae Iorga Institute of History, Romanian Academy;
BEYOND THE RIVER NISTRU
Approximately 25.000 Roma were deported to Transnistria. More than 11.000 were nomads and were deported in the summer of 1942. In September 1942 over 13.000 sedentary Roma were deported by train. By the summer of 1942, already the horses, the carriages, the tents and obviously the gold, meaning the fortune that the family had gathered for generations, were all lost. Approximately half of those 25.000 Roma deported in Transnistria died there. We are speaking of a very high mortality, during those two years..
Petre Matei, PhD Historian, The Research Group for the History of Minorities at the Nicolae Iorga Institute of History;
BEYOND THE RIVER NISTRU
The Roma Holocaust represented for the Roma culture, the Roma mentality and for the Roma in general, the biggest problem in recent Roma history. It has destroyed their dignity, their self-esteem and their identity. The parents who survived did not want to speak their Roma language with the children. They did not want to teach it to their children, afraid of being identified as Roma. Their self esteem was very low. They have developed a self-hate affecting their entire lives. They have become mental slaves to it. They were acting around the non-Roma with the fear of being persecuted, with some kind of mental slave behaviour.
Mihai Neacsu, Director of the National Centre for Roma Culture Romano Kher;
IN THE SHADOW OF SILENCE
The few Roma who returned from Transnistria were not compensated for their lost, not immediately after the war, not today (…) Although Roma were deported by the Romanian State and the responsibility falls primarily with the Romanian State, these rights were not granted (…) The lack of knowledge of what happened to Roma during the war, this ignorance continues to exist even now, and there are people who suffer the consequences.
Petre Matei, PhD Historian, The Research Group for the History of Minorities at the Nicolae Iorga Institute of History;
Theme:
Shared History and Roma Identity
Theme:
Surviving
Theme:
Life before World War II
Theme:
Lasting Imprints
IN THE SHADOW OF SILENCE
We are the only European minority and we are present in all 28 member states. It does not make us special, because everybody, all human beings are equal, but I think, it is our right to earn this title!
Damian Draghici, Musician, Composer, Activist, State Councillor on Roma Issues, Member of the European Parliament from Romania;
IN THE SHADOW OF SILENCE
We were 6 children that returned to Romania (from Transnistria). My mother died, my father died. We return back and we were in a terrible, deplorable condition. The people who had money, they were going on with their lives. The ones without money were dying.
Duda Hristache, survivor;
IN THE SHADOW OF SILENCE
From 19th century until 1989 the Roma were perceived by the state, by the government and by Romanian population more as a social category than as an ethnic minority.
Viorel Achim, PhD Historian, Senior Researcher at the Nicolae Iorga Institute of History, Romanian Academy;
IN THE SHADOW OF SILENCE
When we returned to Romania we lost our horses, our gold coins, our carriages and our carpets. I was left with nothing! I was covering myself only with what I had on me at that time.
Maria Duda, survivor;
Theme:
Challenges Today
Theme:
Continuity of Discrimination
Theme:
Lasting Imprints
Theme:
Roma Voices
IN THE SHADOW OF SILENCE
The main problems the Roma are confronting in Romania are racism and discrimination (…) Some Roma are poor, some are not, but all of them need dignity, equal treatment and self esteem.
Mihai Neacsu, Director of the National Centre for Roma Culture Romano Kher;
IN THE SHADOW OF SILENCE
Many Roma are facing forced evictions. They are being kicked out of their homes where they were living for generations by the mayors of the cities as a result of corruption or racism or both. Everything that was gained for two generations has been lost in one day. They are outside with absolutely nothing, maybe a blanket or whatever they could get their hands on.
Marian Mandache, Executive Director NGO Romani CRISS, Lawyer and Roma activist;
IN THE SHADOW OF SILENCE
Roma are free (from slavery) only for 160 years. During this time Roma had very few opportunities to develop. All these disparities and gaps have reduced Roma opportunities to integrate, to develop as a people well rooted.
Adrian Berbec, President of the Youth Organization of the Roma Party Pro-Europe;
IN THE SHADOW OF SILENCE
An ethno-political construction is needed to promote and to make Roma aware of their own cultural values, to mobilize them and to create a civil and political movement that will ultimately lead to the emergence of a political class which will represent Roma interest at the highest levels and will be their voice.
Catalin Manea, Executive President of the Roma Party Pro-Europe;
DROMA
by Delia Grigore
Me punrentza prahome and-i phu,
aźukerau le kashta te phabon
зi k-o ilo le veshesko.
Darau te зau p-el droma,
te na phagau o jakha
kaj soven tele,
mashkar amare divesa hasaile.
E rromnia beshen pas-o drom
aj roven e ciungriantza putarde.
Darau te зau p-el droma,
te na shunen man ol mule
kaj acile opre,
mashkar amare tzahre bistarde.
E rroma nakhen p-o drom:
jekh, duj, trin… but…
biratesqe gientza.
Me vastentza prahome and-o paj,
Aźukerau te meren ol iva.
ROADS
by Delia Grigore
With my legs buried in earth,
I’m waiting for the trees to burn
till the heart of the forest.
I’m afraid to walk on the roads,
not to crush the eyes
which sleep down there,
among our lost days.
Our women stay by the road,
and weep with their plaits disheveled.
I’m afraid to walk on the roads,
not to hear me the dead ones
who have remained up there,
among our forgotten tents.
The Rroma pass on the road:
one, two, three… many…
with their hearts left without blood.
With my hands buried in water,
I’m waiting for the snows to die.